Sources
Foundational physiology and general management principles are independently authored and informed by major critical-care textbooks and the cited evidence. Current editions include Irwin & Rippe's Intensive Care Medicine (9th edition, 2023) and Oh's Intensive Care Manual (9th edition, published 2025; copyright 2026), but individual topic entries display an edition only when that edition-specific provenance has been verified. Time-sensitive recommendations and primary evidence are cited individually below.
Trials
ATACH-2
New England Journal of Medicine, 2016 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1603460
SEDCOM
JAMA, 2009 · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.56
MIDEX/PRODEX
JAMA, 2012 · doi:10.1001/jama.2012.304
MERINO
JAMA, 2018 · doi:10.1001/jama.2018.12163
MRC CRASH
The Lancet, 2004 · doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17188-2
PROMIZING
N Engl J Med, 2025 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2505708
ACTiVE
JAMA, 2026 · doi:10.1001/jama.2025.24384
UK-ROX
JAMA, 2025 · doi:10.1001/jama.2025.9663
FAST
JAMA, 2024 · doi:10.1001/jama.2024.20631
SuDDICU
N Engl J Med, 2026 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2506398
PIC
Lancet Respir Med, 2025 · doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(25)00125-0
ENRICH
NEJM, 2024 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2308440
BALANCE
NEJM, 2025 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2404991
A2B
JAMA, 2025 · doi:10.1001/jama.2025.7200
E-MOTIVE
NEJM, 2023 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2303966
WOMAN-2
Lancet, 2024 · doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01749-5
ReSTORE
Lancet, 2023 · doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02324-8
REGARD-VAP
Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 2024 · doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(23)00418-6
Levothyroxine Donor Trial
NEJM, 2023 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2305969
REVISE
NEJM, 2024 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2404245
BLING III
JAMA, 2024 · doi:10.1001/jama.2024.9779
ACORN
JAMA, 2023 · doi:10.1001/jama.2023.20583
MINT
NEJM, 2023 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2307983
HEMOTION
NEJM, 2024 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2404360
SAHARA
NEJM, 2025 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2410962
BICAR-ICU
Lancet, 2018 · doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31080-8
BICARICU-2
JAMA, 2025 · doi:10.1001/jama.2025.20231
ADVOR
NEJM, 2022 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2203094
EMPULSE
Nature Medicine, 2022 · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01659-1
STRONG-HF
Lancet, 2022 · doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02076-1
3CPO
New England Journal of Medicine, 2008 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0707992
PREVENT
NEJM, 2019 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1812405
DAWN
NEJM, 2018 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1706442
AKIKI
New England Journal of Medicine, 2016 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1603017
ELAIN
JAMA, 2016 · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.5828
IDEAL-ICU
New England Journal of Medicine, 2018 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1803213
STARRT-AKI
New England Journal of Medicine, 2020 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2000741
RE-VERSE AD
NEJM, 2017 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1707278
INSTEAD-XL
Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions, 2013 · doi:10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.113.000463
ACURASYS
New England Journal of Medicine, 2010 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1005372
ALVEOLI
New England Journal of Medicine, 2004 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa032193
ARMA (ARDSNet)
New England Journal of Medicine, 2000 · doi:10.1056/NEJM200005043421801
ART
JAMA, 2017 · doi:10.1001/jama.2017.14171
DEXA-ARDS
The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 2020 · doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(19)30417-5
EOLIA
New England Journal of Medicine, 2018 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1800385
FACTT
New England Journal of Medicine, 2006 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa062200
PROSEVA
New England Journal of Medicine, 2013 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1214103
ROSE
New England Journal of Medicine, 2019 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1901686
CRASH-2
The Lancet, 2010 · doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60835-5
PROPPR
JAMA, 2015 · doi:10.1001/jama.2015.12
COACT
NEJM, 2019 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1816897
TTM2
NEJM, 2021 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2100591
DOSE
New England Journal of Medicine, 2011 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1005419
CULPRIT-SHOCK
New England Journal of Medicine, 2017 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1710261
DanGer Shock
New England Journal of Medicine, 2024 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2312572
IABP-SHOCK II
New England Journal of Medicine, 2012 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1208410
SHOCK
New England Journal of Medicine, 1999 · doi:10.1056/NEJM199908263410901
REDUCE
JAMA, 2013 · doi:10.1001/jama.2013.5023
ATN
NEJM, 2008 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0802639
RENAL
NEJM, 2009 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0902413
CAPITAL DOREMI
NEJM, 2021 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2026845
CESAR
Lancet, 2009 · doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61069-2
ECLS-SHOCK
NEJM, 2023 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2307227
HARMONIZE
JAMA, 2014 · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.15688
FLORALI
NEJM, 2015 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1503326
SOHO
NEJM, 2026 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2516087
INTERACT-2
NEJM, 2013 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1214609
PATCH
Lancet, 2016 · doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30392-0
ELIANA
N Engl J Med, 2018 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1709866
HIGH
JAMA, 2018 · doi:10.1001/jama.2018.14282
DECRA
New England Journal of Medicine, 2011 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1102077
RESCUEicp
New England Journal of Medicine, 2016 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1605215
de Gans & van de Beek
NEJM, 2002 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021334
Schweickert Early Mobility
Lancet, 2009 · doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60658-9
GBS IVIG vs PLEX
Lancet, 1997 · doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)06095-2
EPaNIC
NEJM, 2011 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1102662
TARGET
NEJM, 2018 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1811687
CHAP
N Engl J Med, 2022 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2201295
Magpie
Lancet, 2002 · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)08778-0
WOMAN
Lancet, 2017 · doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30638-4
PANTER
NEJM, 2010 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0908821
WATERFALL
NEJM, 2022 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2202884
PEITHO
NEJM, 2014 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1302097
PEERLESS
Circulation, 2025 · doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.072364
AMBITION
NEJM, 2015 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1413687
STELLAR
N Engl J Med, 2023 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2213558
ZENITH
N Engl J Med, 2025 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2415160
HYPERION
N Engl J Med, 2025 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2508170
CAPE COD
NEJM, 2023 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2215145
Awakening & Breathing Controlled (ABC)
Lancet, 2008 · doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60105-1
SPICE III
NEJM, 2019 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1904710
ADRENAL
New England Journal of Medicine, 2018 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1705835
APROCCHSS
New England Journal of Medicine, 2018 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1705716
SMART
NEJM, 2018 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1711584
VANISH
JAMA, 2016
VASST
New England Journal of Medicine, 2008 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa067373
ANDROMEDA-SHOCK
JAMA, 2019 · doi:10.1001/jama.2019.0071
SOAP II
NEJM, 2010 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0907118
ESETT
New England Journal of Medicine, 2019 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1905795
RAMPART
NEJM, 2012 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1107494
CRASH-3
Lancet, 2019 · doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32233-0
TRICC
NEJM, 1999 · doi:10.1056/NEJM199902113400601
TRISS
NEJM, 2014 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1406617
Villanueva
NEJM, 2013 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1211801
EASE
N Engl J Med, 2012 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1112854
PARTNER 3
N Engl J Med, 2019 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1814052
TROIA / PROMETHEUS
J Am Coll Cardiol, 2013 · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.01.042
PREOXI
NEJM, 2024 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2313680
RSI Ketamine-vs-Etomidate
NEJM, 2025 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2511420
CLOVERS
NEJM, 2023 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2212663
STRESS-L
JAMA, 2023 · doi:10.1001/jama.2023.20134
EFFORT Protein
Lancet, 2023 · doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02469-2
TARGET Protein
JAMA, 2025 · doi:10.1001/jama.2025.9110
Chastre 8-day vs 15-day
JAMA, 2003 · doi:10.1001/jama.290.19.2588
HERCULES
New England Journal of Medicine, 2019 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1806311
CONFIRM
New England Journal of Medicine, 2021 · doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2008290
Sort et al.
New England Journal of Medicine, 1999 · doi:10.1056/NEJM199908053410603
RE-SPECT CVT
JAMA Neurology, 2019 · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.2764
TO-ACT
JAMA Neurology, 2020 · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1022
Guidelines
ATS: The 2024 ATS update conditionally supports corticosteroids for ARDS, V…
American Thoracic Society, 2024 · Current
SCCM: SCCM conditionally suggests neuromuscular blockade for adults with ARD…
Society of Critical Care Medicine, 2026 · Current
IDSA/ESCMID: For adults with S. aureus bacteremia, use risk stratification and ongo…
IDSA/ESCMID, 2026 · Current
AHA: Use multidisciplinary Endocarditis Team assessment, modern multimodali…
American Heart Association, 2026 · Current
ADQI/ICA: HRS-AKI requires cirrhosis with ascites, AKI by creatinine and/or urin…
Acute Disease Quality Initiative / International Club of Ascites, 2024 · Current
SCCM/ASHP: Use pharmacologic stress-ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill adults wi…
Society of Critical Care Medicine / American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 2024 · Current
ASH: For adults with primary ITP requiring initial therapy, ASH 2026 condit…
American Society of Hematology, 2026 · Current
BSH: Use pre-treatment TLS risk assessment, timely hydration and urate-lowe…
British Society for Haematology, 2025 · Current
DGN: Myasthenic crisis requires rapid respiratory assessment and ICU suppor…
German Neurological Society expert guideline group, 2023 · Current
Saudi/GCC: Regional consensus supports structured diagnosis, respiratory surveill…
Saudi Arabia Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine / GCC neuromuscular specialists, 2025 · Current
IDSA: Prevention strategy is organ- and risk-specific rather than universal.…
Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2026 · Current
IDSA: For complicated intra-abdominal infection, use syndrome-specific imagi…
Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2024 · Current
ESE/ES: Patients with current or recent glucocorticoid exposure who may have a…
European Society of Endocrinology / Endocrine Society, 2024 · Current
NCS: Choose hyperosmolar therapy according to the underlying neurologic con…
Neurocritical Care Society, 2020 · Current
SCCM: SCCM suggests a geriatric model of care for adults aged 65 years and o…
Society of Critical Care Medicine, 2026 · Current
ACG: Acute liver failure requires urgent etiologic evaluation, early transp…
American College of Gastroenterology, 2023 · Current
UKKA: For hyperkalemia with toxic ECG changes, give an equivalent IV calcium…
UK Kidney Association, 2026 · Current
AAST PICS Consensus 2026: Recognize PICS as a multidomain post-critical-illness syndrome, screen…
American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Critical Care Committee, 2026 · Current
AHA Poisoning 2023: Life-threatening sodium-channel blocker cardiotoxicity, including TCA…
American Heart Association, 2023 · Current
Fifth UDMI 2026: Defines myocardial injury using cardiac troponin above the assay-speci…
ESC / ACC / AHA / WHF, 2026 · Current
ESC HF 2026: Updates heart-failure classification, prevention, diagnosis and therap…
European Society of Cardiology, 2026 · Current
Universal HF Definition 2026: Provides a harmonized heart-failure framework, reaffirms stages A thro…
AHA / ACC / ESC / WHF with HFSA / HFA / JHFS, 2026 · Current
AHA ICH MIS Advisory 2026: Summarizes ENRICH and MIND and supports considering minimally invasive…
American Heart Association, 2026 · Current
AHA/ASA Stroke Rehab 2026: Recommends multidisciplinary rehabilitation beginning during the acute…
American Heart Association / American Stroke Association, 2026 · Current
ATS CAP Update 2025/26: Updates adult CAP guidance on lung ultrasound, antibacterial treatment…
American Thoracic Society, 2025 · Current
ESC ACVC RV Failure 2023: Provides a practical ICU framework for acute cor pulmonale and RV fail…
ESC Association for Acute CardioVascular Care, 2023 · Current
SCCM FCC 2024: Use structured, timely, culturally responsive communication; identify…
Society of Critical Care Medicine, 2024 · Current
SCCM EOL 2025: Provide patient-centered symptom control, clear and repeated communica…
Society of Critical Care Medicine, 2025 · Current
SCCM Donor Management 2015: After death determination and in coordination with the organ-procureme…
Society of Critical Care Medicine / American College of Chest Physicians / Association of Organ Procurement Organizations, 2015 · Current
TTS Expert Consensus 2024: Takotsubo syndrome should be managed after exclusion of acute coronary…
International Takotsubo Expert Consensus Panel, 2024 · Current
EASL ACLF 2023: Recognize ACLF as acute decompensation with organ failure requiring ea…
European Association for the Study of the Liver, 2023 · Current
EASL LT 2024: Contemporary liver-transplant care should integrate candidate and graf…
European Association for the Study of the Liver, 2024 · Current
US TLS Consensus 2023: Risk-stratify TLS before cytotoxic or targeted therapy, use hydration…
United States Tumor Lysis Syndrome Expert Delphi Panel, 2023 · Current
SHM Vascular US 2019: Use real-time two-dimensional ultrasound guidance for adult central ve…
Society of Hospital Medicine, 2019 · Current
CLABSI Prevention 2022: Prevent CLABSI through evidence-based insertion and maintenance bundle…
SHEA/IDSA/APIC/AHA/The Joint Commission, 2022 · Current
AARC Tracheostomy 2021: Adult tracheostomy care should use standardized multidisciplinary prot…
American Association for Respiratory Care, 2021 · Current
KDIGO KTR 2009: Kidney-transplant recipient care requires structured graft-function mo…
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes, 2009 · Current
CIRSE BAE 2022: Life-threatening or recurrent hemoptysis should be stabilized with air…
Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe, 2022 · Current
BTS Pleural Disease 2023: Pleural infection management centers on prompt antibiotics and effecti…
British Thoracic Society, 2023 · Current
CHEST RBC 2025: Supports restrictive RBC transfusion strategies for most critically il…
American College of Chest Physicians, 2025 · Current
Saudi MV 2026: National evidence-based recommendations covering lung-protective venti…
Saudi national multidisciplinary mechanical ventilation task force, 2026 · Current
SCCS/SSAI Ketamine RPG 2025: Conditionally suggests against ketamine monotherapy for routine ICU an…
Saudi Critical Care Society / Scandinavian Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, 2025 · Current
HiHASC 2024: Suspect adult HLH in an unexpectedly unwell patient with the practical…
HiHASC, 2024 · Current
Global Candidiasis 2025: Use susceptibility- and host-informed therapy for invasive candidiasis…
ECMM/ISHAM/ASM, 2025 · Current
Digoxin Toxicity Consensus 2025: Recognize acute versus chronic exposure and administer digoxin-specifi…
Multidisciplinary Expert Consensus, 2025 · Current
APAP Consensus 2023: Use the treatment nomogram only for acute ingestions with a reliable t…
America's Poison Centers / AACT / ACMT / Canadian Association of Poison Control Centers, 2023 · Current
ISTH TTP 2025: For immune TTP, the 2025 focused update did not materially change the…
International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 2025 · Current
ECMM/MSG ERC 2019: Treat suspected or proven mucormycosis urgently with multidisciplinary…
European Confederation of Medical Mycology / Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium, 2019 · Current
AHA ALS 2025: Use contemporary adult advanced-life-support algorithms for cardiac ar…
American Heart Association, 2025 · Current
CHEST VTE 2021: Evidence-based recommendations for initial treatment, treatment phase…
American College of Chest Physicians, 2021 · Current
Vancomycin Consensus 2020: For serious MRSA infection, target AUC24/MIC 400–600 when MIC is assum…
ASHP / IDSA / PIDS / SIDP, 2020 · Current
AASLD 2024: For acute variceal hemorrhage, combine prompt vasoactive therapy and e…
American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, 2024 · Current
NCS TBI Seizure Prophylaxis 2024: In adults hospitalized with moderate-severe TBI and no prior clinical/…
Neurocritical Care Society, 2024 · Current
NCS TBI Neuroprognostication 2024: Neuroprognostication after moderate-severe TBI should integrate the co…
Neurocritical Care Society, 2024 · Current
DAS 2025: Use a planned linear rescue strategy from tracheal intubation to supra…
Difficult Airway Society, 2025 · Current
ENLS SE v6.0 (2024): Time-critical treatment with an adequately dosed benzodiazepine follow…
Neurocritical Care Society / Emergency Neurological Life Support, 2024 · Current
SHEA VAP/VAE/NV-HAP 2022: Use a bundle of evidence-based prevention practices focused on avoidin…
SHEA/IDSA/APIC/AHA/The Joint Commission, 2022 · Current
WHO/FIGO/ICM PPH 2025: Use objective blood-loss assessment and initiate rapid treatment when…
WHO / FIGO / ICM, 2025 · Current
ESC CVD Pregnancy 2025: Use a Pregnancy Heart Team for women with significant cardiovascular d…
European Society of Cardiology, 2025 · Current
AABB/ICTMG Platelets 2025: Use restrictive, indication-specific platelet thresholds. Examples inc…
AABB / International Collaboration for Transfusion Medicine Guidelines (ICTMG), 2025 · Current
GOLD 2026: Current GOLD strategy for COPD, including controlled oxygen in exacerb…
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, 2026 · Current
GINA 2026: Current GINA strategy for assessment and treatment of asthma, includin…
Global Initiative for Asthma, 2026 · Current
AHA/ASA AIS 2026: Updates prehospital triage and acute reperfusion care, expands tenecte…
American Heart Association / American Stroke Association, 2026 · Current
WHO Meningitis 2025: Evidence-based guidance for children and adults with community-acquire…
World Health Organization, 2025 · Current
AHA/ACC BP 2025: Hypertensive emergency is defined by severe BP elevation with new or w…
AHA/ACC and collaborating societies, 2025 · Current
AHA PCAC 2025: After ROSC, avoid hypoxemia and hyperoxemia, target appropriate ventil…
American Heart Association, 2025 · Current
ERC/ESICM PCAC 2025: Current European post-resuscitation guidance addresses oxygenation/ven…
European Resuscitation Council / European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, 2025 · Current
ESICM Shock 2025: Use serial multimodal perfusion assessment, dynamic tests rather than…
European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, 2025 · Current
ACC/AHA ACS 2025: Current multisociety guidance for STEMI/NSTE-ACS, including antithromb…
ACC/AHA/ACEP/NAEMSP/SCAI, 2025 · Current
ESC/EACTS VHD 2025: Current European guidance for acute and chronic native/prosthetic valv…
European Society of Cardiology / European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, 2025 · Current
ESC BP 2024: Hypertensive emergency requires acute hypertension plus new/worsening…
European Society of Cardiology, 2024 · Current
ACG AP 2024: Favor lactated Ringer's and moderately aggressive early hydration with…
American College of Gastroenterology, 2024 · Current
AHA/ACC/HFSA 2022: Patients with acute decompensated heart failure and fluid overload sho…
AHA / ACC / HFSA, 2022 · Current
AHA/ASA 2019: IV alteplase/tenecteplase is recommended within 4.5 hours of symptom o…
AHA / American Stroke Association, 2019 · Superseded
KDIGO 2012: Defines AKI by a rise in serum creatinine of ≥0.3 mg/dL within 48 hour…
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes, 2012 · Current
KDIGO 2026 (draft): A draft guideline, released for public review in early 2026 (review pe…
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes, 2026 · Draft
AASLD ALF Update: Suspected acute liver failure warrants early referral/transfer to a li…
American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, 2012 · Current
AASLD/AST LT Candidate 2026: All patients with acute liver failure should be referred to a liver tr…
AASLD/AST, 2026 · Current
SCCM PADIS 2018: Routine ICU delirium screening should be performed with CAM-ICU or ICD…
Society of Critical Care Medicine, 2018 · Current
ACC 2020: For life-threatening bleeding: reverse Dabigatran with Idarucizumab 5…
American College of Cardiology, 2020 · Current
ACC/AHA Aortic Disease 2022: Acute aortic syndromes require immediate anti-impulse therapy. Unless…
ACC / AHA, 2022 · Current
ESC PAAD 2024: Type A acute aortic dissection requires emergent surgical repair. For…
ESC, 2024 · Current
ESICM: Consider neuromuscular blockade in patients with early, severe ARDS, w…
European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, 2023 · Current
ESICM: Use higher PEEP without a lung recruitment maneuver, rather than lower…
European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, 2023 · Current
ESICM: Do not use prolonged, aggressive lung recruitment maneuvers in patient…
European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, 2023 · Current
ATS/ESICM/SCCM: Use a higher-PEEP strategy rather than a lower-PEEP strategy in patien…
American Thoracic Society / European Society of Intensive Care Medicine / Society of Critical Care Medicine, 2017 · Superseded
ATS/ESICM/SCCM: Use low tidal volume ventilation (approximately 4-8 mL/kg predicted bo…
American Thoracic Society / European Society of Intensive Care Medicine / Society of Critical Care Medicine, 2017 · Historical
ATS/ESICM/SCCM: Use prone positioning for more than 12 hours per day in patients with…
American Thoracic Society / European Society of Intensive Care Medicine / Society of Critical Care Medicine, 2017 · Historical
ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS 2023: Recognizes AF as a progressive disease with staged management (risk fa…
American College of Cardiology / American Heart Association / American College of Clinical Pharmacy / Heart Rhythm Society, 2023 · Current
AHA/ACC/HRS VA 2018: Unstable wide-complex tachycardia with hypoperfusion mandates immediat…
AHA / ACC / Heart Rhythm Society, 2018 · Current
GINA 2023: First-line therapy for acute severe asthma consists of continuous or f…
Global Initiative for Asthma, 2023 · Superseded
European Trauma Bleeding Guideline, 6th ed.: 39 recommendations spanning the temporal course of trauma hemorrhage m…
Task Force for Advanced Bleeding Care in Trauma (pan-European, multidisciplinary), 2023 · Current
AAN/AAP/CNS/SCCM 2023: A unified, 85-recommendation consensus guideline for BD/DNC determinat…
American Academy of Neurology / American Academy of Pediatrics / Child Neurology Society / Society of Critical Care Medicine, 2023 · Current
Legacy ABA/ISBI Burn Guidance: Legacy broad burn-care entry retained for historical context. Contempo…
American Burn Association / ISBI, 2023 · Historical
ABA Burn Shock Resuscitation 2024: For adults with burns >=20% TBSA, initiate crystalloid resuscitation u…
American Burn Association, 2024 · Current
ASTCT 2019: Tocilizumab (8 mg/kg IV) is recommended as first-line targeted therapy…
ASTCT, 2019 · Current
AHA/ERC/ILCOR Post-Arrest 2021: Post-ROSC care requires targeted temperature management: actively prev…
AHA / ERC / ILCOR, 2021 · Current
AHA 2017: Emergency revascularization (PCI or CABG) is indicated for cardiogenic…
American Heart Association, 2017 · Current
GOLD 2024: Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIV) is the first-line vent…
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, 2024 · Superseded
ISTH 2025: Diagnose overt DIC using a 4-parameter score (platelet count, D-dimer/…
International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 2025 · Current
ADA/EASD/JBDS Consensus 2024: For adult DKA and HHS, begin isotonic saline or balanced crystalloid w…
American Diabetes Association / EASD / JBDS / AACE / DTS, 2024 · Current
ELSO Adult ECMO 2021: ELSO guidance supports considering VV-ECMO for selected patients with…
Extracorporeal Life Support Organization, 2021 · Current
ELSO VA-ECMO 2021: Adult VA-ECMO should be used as a time-limited bridge in carefully sel…
Extracorporeal Life Support Organization, 2021 · Current
ELSO ECPR 2021: ECPR is a resource-intensive rescue strategy for selected refractory c…
Extracorporeal Life Support Organization, 2021 · Current
ELSO Anticoagulation 2021: Anticoagulation during ECMO should be individualized to patient bleedi…
Extracorporeal Life Support Organization, 2022 · Current
ELSO Circuits 2022: Safe ECMO management requires understanding of the drainage and return…
Extracorporeal Life Support Organization, 2022 · Current
ELSO AKI/Fluid 2022: ECMO patients require serial assessment of fluid balance, kidney funct…
Extracorporeal Life Support Organization, 2022 · Current
ELSO Neuro-ECMO 2024: Adult ECMO care should include structured neurologic monitoring, atten…
Extracorporeal Life Support Organization, 2024 · Current
ELSO ECMO Rehab 2024: Early rehabilitation or mobilization can be considered during ECMO in…
Extracorporeal Life Support Organization, 2025 · Current
ESC 2023: Urgent surgery is indicated in patients with native or prosthetic valv…
ESC, 2023 · Current
ATA Thyroid Storm 2016: Thyroid storm requires immediate multi-targeted ICU therapy: (1) Beta-…
American Thyroid Association, 2016 · Current
ASCO/IDSA 2018: Empiric broad-spectrum antipseudomonal beta-lactam monotherapy (cefepi…
ASCO / IDSA, 2018 · Current
AGIHO 2024 update: Febrile neutropenia is an oncologic emergency requiring prompt risk st…
AGIHO / German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology, 2025 · Current
EAN/PNS 2023: Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG 2 g/kg total over 2–5 days) or plasma…
EAN / PNS, 2023 · Current
ASH 2018: Use the 4Ts score (not gestalt) to estimate pretest probability of HIT…
American Society of Hematology, 2018 · Current
ERS/ATS 2017: Use noninvasive ventilation as first-line respiratory support in acute…
European Respiratory Society / American Thoracic Society, 2017 · Current
UKKA 2023: Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate is recommended as an option in the emer…
UK Kidney Association, 2023 · Superseded
ACC/AHA BP 2017: Hypertensive emergency is defined by acute, severe blood pressure elev…
AHA / ACC, 2017 · Superseded
ERS 2022: Suggest HFNC over conventional oxygen therapy in hypoxemic acute respi…
European Respiratory Society, 2022 · Current
AHA/ASA 2022: For mild-to-moderate spontaneous ICH presenting with SBP 150–220 mmHg,…
AHA / American Stroke Association, 2022 · Current
BTF 4th Ed.: ICP monitoring is recommended in salvageable patients with severe TBI…
Brain Trauma Foundation, 2016 · Current
IDSA 2016: Voriconazole or isavuconazole is recommended as primary therapy for in…
IDSA, 2016 · Current
ACG LGIB 2023: Use risk tools such as the Oakland score to support disposition; a sco…
American College of Gastroenterology, 2023 · Current
ACG UGIB 2021: Use Glasgow-Blatchford score 0–1 to identify very-low-risk patients wh…
American College of Gastroenterology, 2021 · Current
ACG HE 2026: Diagnose overt hepatic encephalopathy clinically while identifying and…
American College of Gastroenterology, 2026 · Current
IDSA AMR Guidance: A living, question-based guidance document (most recent version 2026)…
Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2026 · Current
ATS/ACCP: Conduct spontaneous breathing trials with inspiratory pressure augment…
American Thoracic Society / American College of Chest Physicians, 2017 · Current
IDSA Meningitis: Adjunctive dexamethasone (10 mg IV) should be given prior to or with t…
Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2004 · Current
WSES Mesenteric Ischemia 2022: Biphasic contrast-enhanced multidetector CT angiography (CTA) is the p…
World Society of Emergency Surgery, 2022 · Current
MG Consensus 2020: In myasthenic crisis with respiratory failure or severe bulbar weaknes…
Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America / International Consensus, 2020 · Current
IDSA NSTI 2014: IDSA recommends prompt surgical consultation when necrotizing fasciiti…
Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2014 · Current
ESPEN ICU Nutrition 2019: The 2019 ESPEN ICU nutrition guideline supported early enteral nutriti…
ESPEN, 2019 · Superseded
ESPEN ICU Nutrition 2023: When oral intake is not possible, start enteral nutrition early (gener…
ESPEN, 2023 · Current
FIGO PPH 2022: Treat postpartum hemorrhage with rapid cause-directed control and resu…
International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 2022 · Current
2026 US PE Guideline: Use the 2026 AHA/ACC acute-PE clinical categories to match monitoring…
AHA/ACC/ACCP/ACEP/CHEST/SCAI/SHM/SIR/SVM/SVN, 2026 · Current
AGA 2018: Moderate goal-directed fluid resuscitation with Lactated Ringer's is r…
American Gastroenterological Association, 2018 · Current
ESC/ERS PH 2022: Pulmonary hypertension is hemodynamically defined as mean pulmonary ar…
ESC / ERS, 2022 · Current
ATS/IDSA 2019: Severe CAP requires ICU admission based on major/minor criteria. Empir…
Infectious Diseases Society of America / American Thoracic Society, 2019 · Current
BTS 2023: Small-bore chest drains (10-14 Fr) are recommended as first-line for s…
British Thoracic Society, 2023 · Current
ACOG PB 222: Magnesium sulfate is recommended for the prevention and treatment of s…
ACOG, 2020 · Current
AHA RV Failure 2018: Acute RV failure resuscitation requires careful volume optimization (a…
American Heart Association, 2018 · Current
SCCM PADIS 2018: Analgesia-first approach using validated pain scores (CPOT/BPS). Targe…
Society of Critical Care Medicine, 2018 · Current
SSC 2026: For septic shock and for sepsis without shock, administer antimicrobia…
Society of Critical Care Medicine / European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, 2026 · Current
SSC 2026: Collect blood cultures as soon as possible, ideally before starting an…
Society of Critical Care Medicine / European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, 2026 · Current
SSC 2026: Recommend antimicrobial de-escalation once a microbiological diagnosis…
Society of Critical Care Medicine / European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, 2026 · Current
SSC 2026: Suggest early source control, within 6 hours of diagnosis, over delaye…
Society of Critical Care Medicine / European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, 2026 · Current
SSC 2026: Suggest active fluid removal (diuretics or ultrafiltration) once the a…
Society of Critical Care Medicine / European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, 2026 · Current
SSC 2026: Suggest using balanced crystalloids rather than 0.9% saline for resusc…
Society of Critical Care Medicine / European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, 2026 · Current
SSC 2026: Suggest against sodium bicarbonate to improve hemodynamics or reduce v…
Society of Critical Care Medicine / European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, 2026 · Current
SSC 2026: Suggest using IV corticosteroids in adults with septic shock, most oft…
Society of Critical Care Medicine / European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, 2026 · Current
SSC 2026: Suggest administering at least 30 mL/kg IV crystalloid within the firs…
Society of Critical Care Medicine / European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, 2026 · Current
SSC 2026: For adults aged 65 years and older with septic shock, suggest a mean a…
Society of Critical Care Medicine / European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, 2026 · Current
SSC 2026: Recommend an initial mean arterial pressure target of 65 mmHg in adult…
Society of Critical Care Medicine / European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, 2026 · Current
SSC 2026: Recommend norepinephrine as the first-line vasopressor over dopamine,…
Society of Critical Care Medicine / European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, 2026 · Current
SSC 2026: Suggest adding vasopressin in patients with septic shock requiring esc…
Society of Critical Care Medicine / European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, 2026 · Current
ESICM 2014: Shock is defined as life-threatening generalized maldistribution of bl…
European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, 2014 · Current
ESE/ESICM 2014: Severe symptomatic hyponatremia (seizures, coma) should be treated wit…
European Society of Endocrinology / ESICM, 2014 · Current
AES 2016: First-line: IV lorazepam, IV diazepam, or IM midazolam (Level A). Seco…
American Epilepsy Society, 2016 · Current
EXTRIP Extracorporeal Toxicology 2015: Emergent intermittent hemodialysis is strongly recommended for: (1) To…
EXTRIP Workgroup, 2015 · Current
AABB 2023: For hemodynamically stable hospitalized adults without a hemoglobinopa…
AABB (Association for the Advancement of Blood & Biotherapies), 2023 · Current
AASLD 2017: In acute variceal hemorrhage: restrictive RBC transfusion (target Hb 7…
American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, 2017 · Current
ACC/AHA 2020: In patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis, intervention (SAV…
ACC / AHA, 2020 · Current
IDSA/ATS VAP 2016: A 7-day course is the 2016 default for most improving HAP/VAP patients…
IDSA / American Thoracic Society, 2016 · Current
IDSA 2016: For candidemia in critically ill adults, an echinocandin is preferred…
IDSA, 2016 · Current
IDSA/SHEA 2021: Management depends on disease severity and recurrence history; fulmina…
IDSA/SHEA, 2021 · Current
AGA 2024: In selected adults hospitalized with severe or fulminant C. difficile…
American Gastroenterological Association, 2024 · Current
AASLD 2021: Cirrhosis with ascites, SBP, or HRS-AKI requires rapid identification…
AASLD, 2021 · Current
TG18: Acute cholangitis management is severity based: begin resuscitation an…
JSHBPS / Tokyo Guidelines, 2018 · Current
ASH 2019: ITP treatment is driven by bleeding, platelet count, comorbidity and n…
American Society of Hematology, 2019 · Superseded
ISTH 2020: Suspected immune TTP is a hematologic emergency: obtain ADAMTS13 testi…
ISTH, 2020 · Superseded
Anaphylaxis 2023: Intramuscular epinephrine is first-line treatment for anaphylaxis and…
AAAAI/ACAAI Joint Task Force, 2023 · Current
SCCM PADIS 2025: The 2025 focused update conditionally suggests dexmedetomidine over pr…
Society of Critical Care Medicine, 2025 · Current
ASAM 2020: Benzodiazepines remain first-line therapy for alcohol withdrawal; resi…
American Society of Addiction Medicine, 2020 · Current
AHA Toxicology 2025: Life-threatening poisoning requires toxin-specific resuscitation in ad…
American Heart Association, 2025 · Current
BTS Pleural 2023: Pleural procedures require ultrasound-guided site selection when appro…
British Thoracic Society, 2023 · Current
WSACS 2013: Measure intra-abdominal pressure in at-risk patients, use protocolized…
World Society of the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome, 2013 · Current
Endocrine Society 2016: Suspected adrenal crisis requires immediate parenteral hydrocortisone…
Endocrine Society, 2016 · Current
JTA/JES 2016: Thyroid storm requires simultaneous control of adrenergic effects, thy…
Japan Thyroid Association / Japan Endocrine Society, 2016 · Current
ETA/BTA/SfE 2026: Treat thyroid storm as a clinical endocrine emergency in a high-depend…
European Thyroid Association / British Thyroid Association / Society for Endocrinology, 2026 · Current
ETA/BTA/SfE/WEDS 2026: Treat suspected myxoedema coma immediately in a high-dependency or int…
European Thyroid Association / British Thyroid Association / Society for Endocrinology / Welsh Endocrine and Diabetes Society, 2026 · Current
JTA: Myxedema coma is a clinical emergency requiring prompt thyroid hormone…
Japan Thyroid Association, 2021 · Superseded
SfE 2018: Inpatient central diabetes insipidus requires reliable access to water…
Society for Endocrinology, 2018 · Current
ASA 2022: Airway strategy should explicitly plan oxygenation, first-pass success…
American Society of Anesthesiologists, 2022 · Current
Adult HLH 2019: Adult HLH requires rapid recognition of the hyperinflammatory syndrome…
Histiocyte Society / International Expert Group, 2019 · Current
ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT 2022: Fibrotic ILD management depends on phenotype and progression; in acute…
ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT, 2022 · Current
BTS Bronchoscopy 2013: Bronchoscopy requires indication-specific risk assessment, oxygenation…
British Thoracic Society, 2013 · Current
AARC: For adult ventilator liberation, an RSBI is not required to determine…
American Association for Respiratory Care, 2024 · Current
ACC: Use rapid etiologic diagnosis, serial shock-severity assessment and he…
American College of Cardiology, 2025 · Current
AHA ALS: Treat hemodynamically unstable wide-complex tachycardia with synchroni…
American Heart Association, 2025 · Current
AHA CVT 2024: Updates the 2011 AHA statement. Cerebral venous thrombosis accounts fo…
American Heart Association, 2024 · Current
Systematic Reviews
Outcomes of Kidney Transplant Recipients Versus Non-Recipients in the Intensive Care Unit: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Thongprayoon C, et al., 2025
Efficacy of cyproheptadine in the management of serotonin toxicity following deliberate self-poisoning: a systematic review
King E, Rotella JA, 2025
Clinical analysis of antipsychotic-induced catatonia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a systematic review
Systematic review of antipsychotic-induced catatonia and NMS case literature, 2023
Balanced Crystalloids versus Saline in Critically Ill Adults - A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
Hammond NE, Zampieri FG, Di Tanna GL, et al., 2022
Tranexamic acid for postpartum bleeding: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Ker K, et al., 2024
Short-course versus prolonged-course antibiotic regimens for ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Cheema HA, Ellahi A, Hussain HU, et al., 2023
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the treatment of hypernatremia in adult hospitalized patients: impact on mortality, morbidity, and treatment-related side effects
Kitisin N, Raykateeraroj N, Hikasa Y, et al., 2025
Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for adult patients requiring tracheal intubation
Hansel J, Rogers AM, Lewis SR, et al., 2022
Neuromuscular blockade in acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Ho ATN, Patolia S, Guervilly C, 2020
Intravenous Magnesium Sulfate for Treating Adults with Acute Asthma in the Emergency Department
Kew KM, Kirtchuk L, Michell CI; Cochrane Airways Group, 2014
Targeted temperature management after cardiac arrest
Arrich J, Holzer M, Havel C, et al., 2023
ECMO for severe ARDS: systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis
Combes A, Peek GJ, Hajage D, et al., 2020
Intensive Care Outcomes for Patients with Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Puxty K, et al., 2014
Corticosteroids for acute bacterial meningitis
Brouwer MC, McIntyre P, Prasad K, van de Beek D, 2015
Intravenous Immunoglobulin for Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Hughes RA, et al. (Cochrane Neuromuscular Group), 2014
Antihypertensive Drug Therapy for Mild to Moderate Hypertension during Pregnancy
Abalos E, et al. (Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group), 2018
Early, Goal-Directed Therapy for Septic Shock — A Patient-Level Meta-Analysis (PRISM)
PRISM Investigators, 2017
Passive leg raising for predicting fluid responsiveness: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Monnet X, Marik PE, Teboul JL, 2016
Transfusion thresholds and other strategies for guiding allogeneic red blood cell transfusion
Carson JL, Stanworth SJ, Roubinian N, et al., 2021
Antibiotic prophylaxis for cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding
Chavez-Tapia NC, Barrientos-Gutierrez T, Tellez-Avila F, et al., 2010
Early versus Delayed Surgery for Infective Endocarditis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Anantha-Narayanan M, et al., 2016